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 Peace Zone & Non-aligned.

In surface, neutrality, peace zone and non-aligned are seen similar but those all are different with each other. Later two are only the concepts concerned peaceful environment and they have no legal status in international law. Neutrality has legal status and creates some rights and duties between neutral and belligerent states.

Peace Zone: The concept of peace of zone is not so much old and no any international legal instruments concerning peace zone. It is not easy to create a generally accepted of peace zone. Therefore, there is no universally accepted generalized concept of peace zone in international law. We can take only as the reference of peace zone – ZOPFAN (zone of peace, freedom and neutrality) a declaration by ASEAN in 1971, 'Indian Ocean as a zone of peace' declared by UNGA (united nations general assembly) in 1971 and "A proposal for Nepal as a zone of peace" proposed by then king Birendra but no one has completely been implemented yet. Peace zone includes some obligations like- nuclear free status to the region, demilitarization of the region, trustful and good relations among the participating states for peace and security order, guarantee of the territorial integrity, sovereignty and natural resources, freedom of sea and air space according to international law etc.

NAM (non-alignment movement): It is a foreign policy of refraining from alignment with military blocks- NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and WTO (Warsaw Treaty Organization) emerged on the behalf of capitalist and socialist groups respectively. The essence of the non-alignment policy lies in strengthening the independence of the participating states and promoting to this end, stability, peace and equality in international relations. NAM is also in favor of peace zone regime. It aims dismantling of foreign military bases in the zone, non-deployment of nuclear weapons, elimination of great power military presence, control of sale and supplies of arms, non-intervention in the internal affairs, peaceful settlement of disputes, adherence to the principle of  'panchasheel', creation for mutual trust and cooperation among states, reduction of all kinds of tensions.

Intervention

Meaning: Intervention is the interference of one country into internal or external affairs of another by means of force or other. International law is based on the sovereign equality of states. UN charter article 2(1) says that the organization is based on the principle of sovereign equality of all its members. It means all sovereign states have right to freedom to manage one's own affairs both internal and external. If someone interferes the right of the state is called intervention because no one has privilege to interfere the right of state. Intervention is against the state's sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence which is prohibited by UN charter article 2(4).

Some definitions:

Intervention is the interference of one country into affairs of another by means of force or other. This can be diplomatic, military, heinous or genuine. – IL

Intervention is a forcible or dictatorial interference by a state in the affairs of another state, calculated to impose certain conduct or consequences on that other state. - Oppenheim.

Intervention, forcible interference of one or several states into the internal affairs of another state or states, directed against their territorial integrity or political independence or incompatible with the aims and principles of UN charter. – G.N. Melkov (a Russian Journalist).

Thus, intervention means any kind of threat or use of force against the territorial integrity of another state's internal or external affairs without consent of relative states. Every state has the right to decide for itself its political, economic, socio-cultural system as well as its foreign policy, if someone interferes in those matters that is called intervention; which is against the principle of equal sovereignty.

Types of intervention:

·         Internal: it is the intervention by foreign state while arising disputes or conflicting between sections of community of another state either the name of protection of the constitutional government or the name of helping contending groups. eg. USSR interfered in Hungary 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968, China in Korea 1951, India in Sri Lanka 1987 etc.

·         External: it is the interference in the foreign affairs (sovereignty, territorial integrity, political independence) of another state or it is against the hostile relation of another state. eg. in second world war, Italy helped Germany against Britain, Iraq intervened Kuwait in 1990-91.

·         Punitive: it is like a reprisal for an injury caused by another state. eg. America intervened in Libya 1986 for the alleged promoting terrorism and in Panama 1989 in the charge of promoting mal-trading and drug trafficking. It is an international practice frequently carried out by stronger states towards weaker states.

·         Humanitarian: it is the intervention of a state to another state in the name of human rights violation. eg. Recently, American intervention in Syria and Afghanistan.

·         Invitation: it is the intervention carried out on the ground of invitation of victim state. eg. Britain aided to Oman in 1957, America assisted South Vietnam in 1955, Indian peace keeping force went to Sri Lanka in 1987, India intervened in Maldives 1988.

·         Collective: it is the intervention of the group of states against another state which is charged the violation of peace and order or human rights in international communities. eg. In Korea 1950, Congo 1961, Iraq 1990 etc.

Legal provisions against intervention:

·         UN charter article 2(4) prohibits the use of threat or use of force against any state, which is not accordance with the principle of UN.

·         UN charter article 2(7) says- if any state breaches peace or performs acts of aggression then for the maintenance of international peace and security UN Security Council take enforcement measures for the restoration of international peace and security against the violators.

Doctrines regarding intervention:

·         Monroe doctrine (James Monroe, President of America) 1823, a declaration against the attempts of re-colonization on Latin American states by European states.

·         Calvo doctrine (Jurist of Argentina) 1863, a declaration against the foreign intervention in the name of protection of their citizens and properties during the internal conflict or civil war.

·         Dargo doctrine (Ivan Dargo, Foreign minister of Argentina) 1902, a declaration against foreign intervention on the ground of due public and private debt.

·         Nehru doctrine (Jawaharlal Nehru, PM of India) 1950, Himalayan states (Sikkim, Bhutan, Nepal and Tibet) lie in Indian security zone therefore these states should be stay under the protection of India.

·         Brezhnev doctrine (Leonid Brezhnev, a leader, communist party of Russia) 1969, intervention is inevitable on those states that attempt to change the socialist states into capitalist states using different lures.